The Indus Water Treaty

The Indus Water Treaty 13. The Indus courses through the north-west of India and Pakistan. It emerges inside Tibet from a heavenly lake called Mansarovar, the mouth of the lion. In the wake of ascending in Tibet, the Indus runs north-west between the Karakoram and the Himalayas. In Kashmir, the waterway goes too far of Control (LoC) and enters Baltistan. The vital tributaries of the Indus in the west are Kabul and Khurram streams, while its five fundamental tributaries in the East are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas waterways. INDUS BASIN RIVERS 14. The British established the framework of the Indus Basin River System in the late nineteenth Century. The framework existed preceding the British addition of the region yet in a simple structure. The water system organize developed during the British standard, particularly after 1885, depended on enduring trenches which opened from stream spreading over weirs and head works. Huge zones which had stayed difficult to reach under the conventional water system framework were brought under development by this channel framework. In the Punjab, two significant frameworks of water system were developedBari Doab and the Sutlej Valley Project. 15. In the nineteenth century, the British built the greater part of what is today the universes biggest bordering water system framework in the Indus Basin. In any case, the limits between the two states caused in 1947 paid no to notice hydrology. 80% of the flooded region was in Pakistan, yet after Partition an enormous bit of the headwaters for the waterways which overhauled a large portion of this tremendous zone were in Indian-held Kashmir. 16. Seeing that India and Pakistan couldn't resolve this issue, the World Bank offered its assistance. Following 10 years of extreme arrangement, in 1960 the IWT was marked by then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and the World Bank. 17. Initially structured as one schemeâ [4]â , be that as it may, with the segment of the subcontinent in 1947, including the area of Punjab, the Indus framework was additionally partitioned; while the head works tumbled to India, the channels went through Pakistan. With the end goal of accomplishing the most complete and palatable usage of the waters of the Indus bowl and perceiving the requirement for fixing and delimiting the rights and commitments of every nation corresponding to the next , the two states, as a component of the Indus Waters Treaty consented to following arrangements of the settlement:- Basic Provisionsâ [5]â of the Treaty 18. There are four basic components to the settlement (Articles of arrangement joined as addendums). The first identifies with the division of the waters. The waters of the three western waterways (the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab) were designated to Pakistan, and the waters of the three eastern streams (the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej) were apportioned to India. 19. The second was a financing intend to help Pakistan in building the huge substitution works (Tarbela Dam on the Indus and Mangla on the Jhelum in Pakistan-held Kashmir and the enormous connection waterways) which were expected to store and transport water from streams in the west to the inundated zones of Pakistan. India contributed about 20% of the nearly $1 billion (in 1960 dollars) required. 20. The third component identifies with utilization of the hydroelectric capability of Pakistans streams before they arrive at Pakistan. This was a significant bone of conflict in the arrangements. India wanted to outfit the hydroelectric capability of Pakistans waterways before the streams arrived at the Line of Control. Pakistan was very much aware that the 10 spine of its economy was flooded agribusiness that was worked around the characteristic progressions of the waterways, and accordingly stressed that its security would be genuinely undermined if India constructed dams which could change the planning of water coming to Pakistan, particularly from the Jhelum and the Chenab. The trade off came to in the IWT was that India could utilize the hydro potential on the waterways, yet that there would be limitations on the manipulable stockpiling that India could build on these streams, in this manner wiping out the chance of the dams being worked in a manner that would antagonistically influence Pakistan. 21. The fourth component of the settlement is the debate goals instrument, which sets up rules whereby first response is for the Indian and Pakistani IWT magistrates to determine potential issues. On the off chance that this falls flat, at that point there are arrangements for outer mediation, either through an unbiased master delegated by the World Bank, or through a global court of assertion. Arrangement as Success Story 22. The arrangement is generally depicted as the main institutional component that has worked among India and Pakistan in the course of recent years. To some degree this is a direct result of the savvy structure of the arrangement, yet it is likewise obvious that it worked in light of the fact that for a considerable length of time India did next to no to build up the hydropower assets on the Jhelum and the Chenab in Indian-held Kashmir. 11 Impacts of the Treaty 23. Positive Aspects for Pakistan. The settlement assured [6] Pakistan, changeless water gracefully for its trench framework. The chief advantages were:- (an) It helped Pakistan gain autonomy from India for guaranteeing its provisions by restricting India to a conventional universal bargain. (b) The settlement controlled the progressions of the Indus and its tributaries. Around 80 percent of the all out water is delivered during the storm time frame July to September. Capacity ventures attempted because of the arrangement guarantee water accessibility during winters and improved waterway redirections. (c) It assisted with reforming the agrarian segment. 24. Negative Aspects for Pakistan. The negative result for Pakistan was the loss of eastern streams and with this, land encompassing these waterways to a great extent inundated by conventional techniques was unfavorably influenced. In any case, this misfortune was remunerated by the development of capacity supplies, channels and redirections. The other downside was the ascent in between commonplace strife, particularly lately, because of diminished stream in the Indus. 12 25. Positive Aspects for India. The significant advantages that gathered from the bargain to India were :- (a) The settlement empowered India to outfit the eastern waterways to its advantage. It encouraged in occupying waters to bone-dry territories like Rajasthan and create water system offices. (b) India could likewise fabricate run-of-the-stream hydroelectric plants on the western waterways and flood control storerooms, however no storerooms have been constructed up until this point. 26. Negative Aspects for India. The misfortunes to India were :- (a) Ceding western waterways to Pakistan hampered development of Jammu Kashmir, as water assets in the state couldn't be bridled. (b) Increased contrasts among bowl states as they started fighting higher assignment of water. (c) Absence of a leave provision in the settlement shut Indias alternatives, however Article XII of the arrangement accommodates an alteration of the bargain. 13 Goals of Salal Dam Controversy C:UsersAdminPicturesSALAL DAM.bmp 27. After the marking of Indus Waters Treaty, the primary question India and Pakistan were occupied with was over the development of the Salal Dam by India on the Chenab River. Under the details of the Treaty, India presented its arrangement to the Permanent Indus Commission for Pakistans endorsement in 1968. A run of-the-riverâ [7]â hydroelectric venture, Salal was regarded critical for the horticultural needs of the Indian Punjab and financial advancement of the nation. In 1974 Pakistan authoritatively questioned the plan of Salal venture contending that it didn't affirm to the standards for structure of such hydroelectric tasks set down under the Treaty. 28. Over the span of the arrangements, a few choices were talked about for coming to a last settlement including resort to the mediation technique gave in the Treaty. At last, India consented to roll out certain improvements in the structure of the dam including decreasing 14 the tallness of the dam and to the perpetual conclusion of the preoccupation trench after the hydel plant had been dispatched. 29. The goals of this question was hailed in the two nations is still cited as an instance of fruitful strategy over water sharing among Pakistan and India because of the concessions settled on under the Salal Agreement marked in April 1978. Difficulties to the Treaty Despite the fact that the Indus Rivers bolster the universes biggest water system framework, the unused waters of the waterways, which presently go to squander into the Arabian Sea, have a similarly huge helpful potential. These could recover from the desert a territory equivalent to that previously created. Another 26 million sections of land could be transformed into grinning fields of wheat and rice and cotton nourishment for hungry and work for the jobless [Shivananda, 1961: 4-5, accentuation added] 30. In the course of the most recent decade this circumstance has changed drastically. India has started a significant program of hydropower advancement over its Himalayan area. As a component of this procedure, and to some extent to attempt to address the complaints of the Kashmiri individuals, India has developed and is building and arranging countless huge hydropower extends on the headwaters of Pakistans streams (the Indus and particularly the Jhelum and Chenab) in Indian-held Kashmir. 15 31. Practically all the disagreements regarding water that have emerged among India and Pakistan are about dam ventures developed or being built by one of the two gatherings. The dealings over these issues include different concerns and interests, in view of their translations of the Indus Water Treaty. Under this phenomenal tension, the IWT is squeaking. The Indian point of view is that Pakistan utilizes the arrangement to place a ceaseless arrangement of snags in Indias way. The Pakistani viewpoint is that New Delhi works without risk of punishment, and that the combined upstream water stockpiling being made by India establishes an existential danger to Pakistans security. The significant questions have been over the accompanying ventures:- Wullar Barrage/Tulbul Navigation Project 32. The second test to the arrangement came in regards to the construc

Worksheet Preparation Essay - 550 Words

Worksheet Preparation (Essay Sample) Content: Worksheet PreparationNameInstitutional Affiliation12/10/2014.Discuss the benefits of the worksheet.A worksheet can be referred to as an array of accounting data that accountants use to record information (Edward, K. 2006).The benefits of preparing a worksheet include: * Reduces chance of forgetting an adjustment.Worksheets are used by accountants as a tool to take into account every transaction including periodic adjustments that occur when transactions are done. Adjustments to the closed accounts in a structure manner following a certain format are well incorporated in the worksheet. * Accuracy.Preparing accounts by use of worksheet solves perennial problems of inaccuracy in data to prevent erroneous financial reporting. The worksheet does this by revealing arithmetic errors in the entry of the data. * Ensures formality in preparation of accounting records.Before the preparation of the worksheet, an adjusted trial balance has to be prepared. Basically, the formal ste ps have to be followed in order to complete the accounting cycle before finally preparing the preparation of a worksheet. * Regular complianceA financial spreadsheet enables organizations to prepare and report operating data that conforms to specific regulatory guidelines (Claudia, G. Mark, W. L. 2008).The worksheet is used to include essential information of the current accounting legislation which must be complied with by the company.Explain how the financial reports are prepared from the worksheet.Before a worksheet is prepared, the full accounting cycle has to be completed (Richard, E. 1996). Basically, the accounting cycle goes the following processes:WorksheetBooks of final entryTrial balanceBusiness transactionsBooks of original entryThe preparation of a worksheet is usually the last step. When preparing a worksheet, the following steps have to be followed;Trial BalanceAdjustmentsAdjusted trial balanceFinancial statements.WorksheetA worksheet is usually introduced by: 1 Name of the company 2 The title worksheet 3 Time of accounting period covered.Step in preparing a worksheet.Step 1: * Insertion of account balances in the trial balance columns.This involves posting the balances from the trial balance the worksheet.A typical Worksheet example resembles as follows:XYZ COMPANYWORKSHEET TO PREPARE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDECEMBER 31, 2005Account Title Trial Balance Adjustments Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet. Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Step 2: * Entering adjustments in the adjustment columns.Adjustments may include depreciation, accrued rent/salaries, interest charges, unearned revenue etcetera.Step 3: * Entering the account balances in the adjusted trial balance columns.This is the totaling of the pair of adjustment... Worksheet Preparation Essay - 550 Words Worksheet Preparation (Essay Sample) Content: Worksheet PreparationNameInstitutional Affiliation12/10/2014.Discuss the benefits of the worksheet.A worksheet can be referred to as an array of accounting data that accountants use to record information (Edward, K. 2006).The benefits of preparing a worksheet include: * Reduces chance of forgetting an adjustment.Worksheets are used by accountants as a tool to take into account every transaction including periodic adjustments that occur when transactions are done. Adjustments to the closed accounts in a structure manner following a certain format are well incorporated in the worksheet. * Accuracy.Preparing accounts by use of worksheet solves perennial problems of inaccuracy in data to prevent erroneous financial reporting. The worksheet does this by revealing arithmetic errors in the entry of the data. * Ensures formality in preparation of accounting records.Before the preparation of the worksheet, an adjusted trial balance has to be prepared. Basically, the formal ste ps have to be followed in order to complete the accounting cycle before finally preparing the preparation of a worksheet. * Regular complianceA financial spreadsheet enables organizations to prepare and report operating data that conforms to specific regulatory guidelines (Claudia, G. Mark, W. L. 2008).The worksheet is used to include essential information of the current accounting legislation which must be complied with by the company.Explain how the financial reports are prepared from the worksheet.Before a worksheet is prepared, the full accounting cycle has to be completed (Richard, E. 1996). Basically, the accounting cycle goes the following processes:WorksheetBooks of final entryTrial balanceBusiness transactionsBooks of original entryThe preparation of a worksheet is usually the last step. When preparing a worksheet, the following steps have to be followed;Trial BalanceAdjustmentsAdjusted trial balanceFinancial statements.WorksheetA worksheet is usually introduced by: 1 Name of the company 2 The title worksheet 3 Time of accounting period covered.Step in preparing a worksheet.Step 1: * Insertion of account balances in the trial balance columns.This involves posting the balances from the trial balance the worksheet.A typical Worksheet example resembles as follows:XYZ COMPANYWORKSHEET TO PREPARE FINANCIAL STATEMENTSDECEMBER 31, 2005Account Title Trial Balance Adjustments Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet. Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Dr Cr Step 2: * Entering adjustments in the adjustment columns.Adjustments may include depreciation, accrued rent/salaries, interest charges, unearned revenue etcetera.Step 3: * Entering the account balances in the adjusted trial balance columns.This is the totaling of the pair of adjustment...

Should I Do Work Study Take the Quiz

If you’re reading this, that probably means youve received work-study funding. Congratulations! Now you have to decide if taking a work-study position is the best option for you right now. It can be difficult to determine how much time in your schedule youll actually have to commit to working because college itself is rigorous. So if you find yourself asking, â€Å"Should I do work study?† take this work-study quiz to help you decide. Once you’ve taken this work-study quiz (and we recommend that you take it twice), read on for more information on work-study programs that may be helpful in your decision-making process. Take the Quiz! (function() { var qs,js,q,s,d=document, gi=d.getElementById, ce=d.createElement, gt=d.getElementsByTagName, id="typef_orm_share", b="https://embed.typeform.com/"; if(!gi.call(d,id)){ js=ce.call(d,"script"); js.id=id; js.src=b+"embed.js"; q=gt.call(d,"script")[0]; q.parentNode.insertBefore(js,q) } })() First of all, What IS Work-Study? Work-study jobs are awarded to you as part of your financial aid package by the college that has accepted you because the college participates in the Federal Work-Study Program. Work study is part of the financial aid awarded to you when you fill out a FAFSA application, if youre eligible. Work-study funding offers undergraduate and graduate students a part-time job as a way of making money to pay for college expenses. So basically, work-study funding is money that is awarded to you, but you have to earn it through a job you apply for and get through your college. Work-Study Facts FAQs When deciding whether or not to do work-study it’s super important to know exactly what the situation entails, what a work-study job will provide you, and what it will not. Keep in mind that every college is different, but generally speaking, these are the facts about work-study positions, as explained through students’ FAQs. How do I get a work-study job? While the opportunity to do work-study is indeed an award, you won’t just be assigned a job at the start of the school year. You’ll still have to find and apply for a position. Most colleges make this very easy by providing a user-friendly search database of all the available positions. How do I receive the money? Unlike the rest of your financial aid moneyfor example, scholarships and loanswhich is applied directly to your tuition or awarded directly to you to pay for it, you’ll have to earn your work-study money. Essentially, when you’re awarded work-study funding, you’re awarded a â€Å"dibs† of sorts on a job at your college that will pay you directly. You’ll receive a check from your work-study employer, and you can use this money to pay for college-related living expenses such as textbooks or food. How is a work-study job different from a regular job? Besides being awarded to you and likely being on-campus, it’s really not. Non-work-study jobs also pay you directly and you’re able to use the money at your discretion. The major difference is that a work-study job because it was awarded to you as part of your financial assistance, comes with a bit more of a guarantee. Many students want on-campus jobs but if you’re awarded work-study funding, you’ll be given priority when applying for work-study jobs. How much work-study money will I get, and how many hours will I have to work? First, you’ll need to consider the total amount you’re awarded by your college for the year. This varies, but many colleges award $3,000-$5,000 a school year, sometimes more, sometimes less. Almost all work-study jobs guarantee the hourly minimum wage, sometimes more, paying about $8.00 an hour on average. Workload and hours can vary quite a bit, usually falling somewhere between 10-20 hours a week. This can usually be negotiated with your employer. Now, does this mean that once you’ve earned the amount awarded to you that you’ll hit a â€Å"cap† and be unable to work anymore? Not necessarily. Many employers often extend the number of hours you’re able to work. This, however, is not guaranteed and is handled on a case-by-case basis. Am I guaranteed a work-study job? This is tricky. In theory, yes. In practice, no. Depending on where you attend college and how many students are awarded work-study opportunities, jobs may be limited. You may have to apply for a while or accept a job that isn’t necessarily your first choice. That said, don’t worry! Colleges typically go above and beyond in helping you secure a work-study job if you need one. Another noteworthy point: just because you were awarded work-study this year doesn’t necessarily mean you will be next year. Fluctuating factors such as your or your parents’ income will determine whether or not you’re eligible What kinds of work-study jobs can I apply for? All kinds! Theres usually a wide range of positions in various departments. You could apply to work in a dorm, science lab, recreation center, daycare, etc. Since you’re not assigned a job, you can apply for the ones that are most interesting to you or most suitable to your schedule. While most work-study jobs are on campus, sometimes they’re off campus, with affiliated organizations. So make sure to be mindful of location during your application process. What If I don’t accept a work-study job? You won’t be penalized for not accepting a work-study job, you just won’t make the money. If you don’t need it, no problem. 3 Quick Questions to Ask Yourself When Deciding Whether or Not to do Work Study #1 Do I need the work-study money? The #1 factor in deciding whether or not to take on a work-study position is whether or not you need the money. If the money is pretty critical for affording college, then absolutely try a work-study job. But know that if you find another (non-work-study) job that pays more and/or is better suited to your schedule and lifestyle, you can certainly take that instead. If money is not an issue and you’re already very busy with courses and extracurricular activities, don’t feel pressured to take on a work-study job just because the opportunity is offered to you. #2 Do I have time for a work-study job? This question relates directly to the last one, obviously. Let’s be real: college can get super intense, and it may be easy to feel overloaded. As a general rule of thumb, it’s better not to spread yourself too thin, compromising your academic performance. So while the extra pocket cash may be nice, if you’re not actually in financial need, it may be better to pass on a work-study position. #3 Do I already have a job (work-study or otherwise)? Has a great work-study job miraculously presented itself to you? One that seems pretty much perfect? Consider taking it! Perhaps a teacher or peer in your department has informed you about a position that sounds like it could be resume-building or highly rewarding. In these cases, it’s worthwhile to give it a try. Remember, you can always opt out if you find yourself overextended. On the other hand, perhaps you already have a non-work-study job that you enjoy. That’s okay! By all means, if you have a job thats going well, don’t feel obliged to take a work-study job instead. The Pros and Cons of Accepting a Work-Study Job To break it down simply, here are some â€Å"pros† of doing a work study: Money Whether needed for educational costs or helpful for spending money, a work-study job will keep you in a consistent cash flow. Networking Working on campus can be a great way to meet people in your academic community. Experience It’s definitely possible to get a work-study job that builds the skills you’re looking to develop overall in college†¦ making it easier to find a job after you graduate. And some of the â€Å"cons:† Over-committing yourself If you have a very full schedule or struggle with time management, you might get flooded and risk falling behind in your classes. Lower pay than other jobs (possibly) This won’t necessarily be the case, but sometimes work-study jobs pay less than other jobs you may be interested in. However, if they’re on campus, they may be more convenient overall and cut down on commute time. Limited options While there’s usually a wide variety of work-study jobs on campus, there’s no guarantee that the one you want will be open at the time you’re applying. You may have better luck searching elsewhere. A Final Word on Doing Work Study If you’re still asking yourself, â€Å"should I do work study?† remember that it’s not required, and that you can always change your mind if you do give it a try. You can also apply to more than one position, or switch jobs if you find a more ideal one. It’s always worth it to talk openly with your potential employer about your schedule and what you’re looking for; you may be able to negotiate more flexible hours, for example. And if you need the work-study job but are worried about burnout, remember to look for one that lets you do homework on the job (a lot of them do!). For example, working in the library or writing center is often great for productivity. Good luck and happy and job hunting!

Finding Good Fifth Grade Expository Essay Samples

Finding Good Fifth Grade Expository Essay SamplesFifth grade expository essay samples can be a major help for students when it comes to creating and writing essays. In this age of too much information, without something that is solid, easy to understand and relate to, this one aspect of the essay writing process should become more important than ever. Luckily, there are many great sources for finding these great essays and ideas for crafting an interesting one of your own.When you are in the fifth grade, you will need to realize that the subject matter you have learned is already at an advanced level. If you still haven't acquired all the knowledge you need, an elementary to middle school education is all you need. For more advanced subjects, an advanced-level education will only serve to raise your educational aspirations. Either way, you have plenty of time to enhance your knowledge as you start to write and make your efforts and time worth it.At the seventh grade, students are rea dy to begin making an effort to learn a greater degree of information. During this time, they will develop their own personal writing skills, refine their vocabulary and become more familiar with grammar. That is why even though they are in the fifth grade, many students make the transition into this extra-curricular career by enrolling in an enrichment program, where they can find fun, interesting writing assignments and tips for further expansion on their personal writing skills.Students are now into their sixth grade, and as they progress they should keep a keen eye out for many things that are likely to aid in developing their ability to create effective writing that both they and their professors can appreciate. If you have a quiet study room at home, you should seriously consider utilizing it to perform your research. A good college library will allow you to use the Internet for your research needs. By doing research at home, you can gather information for yourself about topic s and subjects that you cannot find information on in the library.During the fifth grade, the students will be very capable of analyzing their own work, choosing appropriate places and not only for reading but also for reading, writing and editing. At this point in time, many students will need to find the time to undertake the editing, proofreading and editing themselves. This task will most likely require research skills and ability to read and edit different publications. Just like when they are in the fifth grade, the students will need to realize that the use of the Internet is very beneficial for accomplishing this. You will also be able to find great articles online, so you will find the time to research those as well.Once students enter the sixth grade, they will be faced with the need to decide which subject to concentrate on in creating essay samples. Since there are many college and university requirements that the student will need to meet, choosing a specific subject is an imperative part of their education. Therefore, if the choice is to focus on general education, focusing on physics, biology, chemistry and history will be excellent choices. The ones that offer more specialized subjects that will not only challenge the students but also help to teach them many different skills that will be useful in a variety of professional settings will include: music, math, English and psychology.There are many different topics that may be chosen for creation, and students should remember to choose one of the five basic educational philosophy that are offered in the literature of any subject. Choosing to choose an alternative will have students exploring many topics. An understanding of this concept is essential for being successful in the course and will help students to become more creative and inventive in the content they choose to write about.

Sociology Essay - 20437 Words

AS Sociology Sociology Nik Jorgensen Text  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 Illustrations  © Nelson Thornes Distance Learning 2010 All rights reserved. The copyright holders authorise ONLY users of NTDL AS Sociology to make photocopies for their own or their students’ immediate use within the teaching context. No other rights are granted without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. 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Current Open Visitation Practices Within The Critical Care...

Introduction. The introduction will provide a contextual overview of the current open visitation practices within the critical care setting. The introduction will begin by highlighting the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ and Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses’ support for open visitation practices and include the argument that unrestrictive family presences is indicative of patient- and family-centered care. Next, the barriers that prevent open visitation and the implications for practice will be acknowledged. The main barriers preventing open visitation that will be briefly introduced (a detailed discussion will occur in the later portion of the text), and include skewed nursing perceptions, gaps in knowledge about the beneficial effects of unrestrictive family presence, and lack of formal visitation policies. It will be argued that the main implication for practice is decreased patient and family satisfaction resulting from incongruent visita tion practices. Finally, the solution of educating nurses about the benefits of an open visitation policy on patients and families will be proposed. Rationale for the solution will be provided. Purpose statement and aims. The introduction will provide context for the following purpose statement: the purpose of this review article is to gain a better understanding of how critical care patients and families can benefit from open visitation policies. The review article aims to answer the following threeShow MoreRelatedAn Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair1187 Words   |  5 PagesCase Study Mrs. K, 72, was admitted to the critical care unit following an elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Before the surgery, Mrs. K, a retired elementary teacher, worked part-time at the local library running a children’s reading program. She was completely independent in her activities of daily living and lives alone in a one-bedroom apartment. 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My City Become The Best - 1204 Words

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