Modern European History And Politics - 1222 Words

Modern European History and Politics: Short Essay On the 26th of June 1963, the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy delivered to a massive crowd one of his most memorable speeches in Berlin, Germany. Standing in front of the infamous Berlin Wall President Kennedy’s speech ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ contrasted democracy and freedom (West Germany) with the repression of communist (East Germany), it left a big impression on Germany during the Cold War. After World War Two Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich was divided into the German east; communist and Germany west; democratic. President Kennedy’s speech addressed Germany’s separation of the east and the west. Eastern Germany had the support of the Soviet Union President Kennedy and the United States of America decided to support Western Germany. President Kennedy’s support of West Germany became public after the Vienna summit of President Kennedy’s meeting with the Russian politician Nikita Khrushchev who at the time served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After the Bay of Pigs Khrushchev thought President Kennedy was young, naà ¯ve and inexperienced and thought he would be easily manipulated, Khrushchev threatened to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany which would have given the Soviet Union control over Berlin’s access and the position of the NATO (Northern Atlantic Treaty Organisation) forces in the city indefensible (Cross, p.130 1992) President Kennedy and KhrushchevShow MoreRelatedWriting the History of the World Essay examples736 Words   |  3 PagesWriting the History of the World To write a history of the world, one must begin at a point when the world is shifting from the remnants of old empires into the modern or at least the pre modern world as we know it. During the 15th century, we begin to see a change; Europe climbs out of the Middle Ages, tosses off its religious shackles and starts evolving. The Europeans set sail and we start to see well-documented evidence of other cultures and religions. The AmericansRead MoreCharacteristics of the Modern Nation-State Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will describe the characteristics of the modern nation-state, explain how the United States fits the criteria of and functions as a modern nation-state, discuss the European Union as a transnational entity, analyze how nation-states and transnational entities engage on foreign policy to achieve their interests, and the consequences of this interaction for international politics. Some of the characteristics that make up a modern nation-state are; the population of the territory is unitedRead MoreA Discussion Of Faith Rose Surrounding The World Trade Center1630 Words   |  7 Pageshad become one of the most important battles in macro history. Between the 7th and 8th Century in eastern Europe, Islam’s military expansion was incredibly large, as it resulted in the Islamic Empire becoming one of the most powerful and influential religious and military based powers in Europe. Muslim conquests lasted from 622 AD to 750 AD, and would continue to move forward until the 18th century. These expansions of religion and politics were led by dynasties of Caliphs , beginning with theRead MoreThe European Union878 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues that comprise the organization: the European Union. From economics to politics, the organization has grown to include most of the European countries. Their policies emphasize the rule of law; meaning every action executed within the organization is founded on treaties, along with the agreement of the participating countries. Its focus continues to promote human rights, as well as making their institution more transparent and democratic. The European Union is constantly growing and refining itselfRead MoreMorality and Politics798 Words   |  3 PagesMORALITY AND POLITICS INTRODUCTION If we divide morality of an individual in two types- individual and public, then public morality comes in political morality. Public moralities have responsibility for welfare of other people and keep justice among them. On the other hand, an individual morality is personal views and ethics and this is not responsible for other’s welfare. When we failed to keep both kind of morality separate, then it affects other persons in a destructive way. Morality belongs toRead MoreEssay about French Feminism1679 Words   |  7 Pagessphere of law and politics. Both the United States and France are historic, as well as modern, oppressors of women, and despite liberation movements on both sides of the Atlantic, women are still extremely disproportionately represented in positions of power. Subsequently, this paper will tie together the fields of Womens Studies, Political Science, and French Culture by discussing and analyzing the not so petite diff#233;rence in the representation of th e sexes in French politics, particularly inRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Imperialism540 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, many powerful nations interfered with nations that were weaker than they were. This form of sabotaging a nation is economic, political or cultural life is called as imperialism. Imperialism is often separated into two sects. The first one is old imperialism, which was the period from the 1500s to the 1800s, where European nation started to colonize many areas such as the Americas, and parts of Southeast Asia. On the other hand, the new imperialism was the period between the yearsRead MoreThe Relationship Between Modernity and the First World War1565 Words   |  7 Pagesever growing tension among European nations. This conflict was brought about by factors such as, nationalism, militarism, and the Alliance system. An upheaval such as the First World War was witness to the emergence of the glorification of war, struggle, despair, destruction a nd immense loss of life. The First World War brought about a defining moment in the history of the modern consciousness. The modern world was born anew with a self-conscious awareness of plight and modern society. This awarenessRead MoreJap The Japanese War1200 Words   |  5 PagesEver since the Russo-Japanese War up until World War Two, Japan has been competing with European powers unlike any other Asian nation. During the Russo-Japan war, Russia and Japan competed for influence in the Pacific. Japan won the war, never losing a single naval engagement against Russia, and the treaty of Portsmouth was formed, ending the conflict. The Russo-Japan war, increased nationalism, militarism, and identified Japan as the regional powerhouse, but left still managed to leave Japan bitterRead MoreThe European Union : The New Era Of Integration1744 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction The European Union is a fortress of commerce, development, groundbreaking environmental initiatives, proactive human rights champions, and embodies the new era of integration efforts in the post-modern world. Europe is the recipient of global admiration as a prime destination for travelers who seek luxury, elegance, varying cultural experiences, and immersed in ancient history. European integration has produced the almighty EU that is considered to be one of the most respected

American History Norman Keith Collins - 2119 Words

The word â€Å"tattoo† is actually the combination of words from two different cultures. The Polynesian word to strike something, â€Å"ta†, and the Tahitian word meaning to mark something, â€Å"tatau† (Designboom, 2010). The form of body art known as tattooing has developed artistically, improved technically, and changed stylistically throughout the past two centuries. Not only has the public perception changed over the years, but the methods and machinery used to create these wonderful pieces of art has also changed drastically. Once viewed as only acceptable for sailors, criminals, and circus performers; tattoos, have taken a giant leap from their humble roots. However, they couldn’t have become as popular as they have without the inspirational†¦show more content†¦During the twenty years that Hildebrandt worked at his New York tattoo shop, he tattooed some of the very first completely covered circus attractions (Eldridge, 2013a). One of those â€Å"circus attractions† was his very own daughter, Nora Hildebrandt. You would be hard pressed to find many women with tattoos during the 19th and 20th centuries, but one women pushed through the skepticism and public views to become America’s â€Å"first tattooed lady.† Nora Hildebrandt was the daughter of the first professional tattoo artist in America, Martin Hildebrant, so it figures that she would eventually follow in her father’s footsteps and develop a fascination with tattoos. Nora began showing off her tattoos in 1882 at the age of 32. Her primary mode of displaying the 365 tattoos that covered her body from neck to toe was to go on tour with Barnum Bailey Circus (Pednaud, 2014). She toured with the well-known circus throughout the 1890’s, until she was eventually out done by another tattooed woman and consequently faded into time. While Nora might have made tattooed women a grand attraction at circuses, she was just the beg inning. In 1842, Barnum Bailey Circus displayed James F. O’Connell as the first tattooed man in the United States. As part of his performance, O’Connell would tell the audience of the savages on the island of Ponape, part of the Caroline Islands, and how

Leadership - 1244 Words

* Course Term Research Paper MAN2021 Research Paper.pdf ***IMPORTANT*** LEADERSHIP, the topic of this paper, is covered in Chapter 10 of the text. It is to your benefit to read Chapter 10 before we cover it in the course in order to start your paper early. MAN 2021 Principles of Business Management Course Research Paper 1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to enable you to apply the concepts and ideas that you learn in class. Its intention is to complement your understanding of the measurable objectives. It is good practice on performing research, using the library and internet, organizing and presenting your ideas in writing and creating a presentation to inform and convince others about your conclusions. It is an†¦show more content†¦Spelling mistakes are sloppy work and will not be tolerated in this age of word processing spell checkers. There is no excuse for Microsoft Word to underline it in red unless it is a technical term or a proper name. Wikipedia is a helpful starting point, however, it is not acceptable as a source to cite. If you want to use the information in your paper, figure out where Wikipedia got it from and cite that after making sure the information is there. All information on the web is not necessarily correct! Use websites maintained by social organizations when possible. Support your work with citations, including at least three sources from outside the text used for this course. I encourage you to prepare an outline to clarify your ideas and organize your paper. I will give you feedback on your outline and draft provided you submit them to me at least one week before the paper due date. Start your paper early so that it can clearly reflect your abilities. 7 UNPLEASANT STUFF Plagiarism and other academic misconduct, such as cheating, is unexcusable and will not be tolerated. Plagiarism is de ned in the Florida National College Student Handbook as: Plagiarism is the act of obtaining or attempting to obtain credit for academic work by representing the work of another as ones own without the necessary and appropriate acknowledgment. More specifically, plagiarism is: The act of incorporating the ideas, words ofShow MoreRelatedThe Leadership Of Leadership And Leadership842 Words   |  4 Pagesideals of leadership, I met with two respected and admired school leaders: the Assistant Principal/Dean of Curriculum, and the Athletic Director. I chose these two school leaders because I wanted to gain an understanding of leadership from two diverse perspectives. I am thankful for the opportunity to hear from two different types of leaders, who ultimately share a lot of the same visions for my school and for leadership in general. While both subjects shared a similar definition of leadership, theirRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Of Leadership1711 Words   |  7 Pages7. Facilitative Leadership Facilitative leadership is dependent on quantities and outcomes – not a skill, though it takes much skill to master. The efficiency of a group is directly related to the effectiveness of its process. If the group is high operational, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the procedure. 8. Laissez-faire Leadership Laissez-faire leadership gives expert to workers. According to AZ central, sections or subordinates are acceptable to work as they choose with nominal.Read MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1605 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Examined There have been many great leaders down through history. Leaders that have influenced change throughout many aspects of society. Great leaders have great influence. The effectiveness of a leader is determined by his leadership style. With so many styles to choose from, and the fact that not one style fits all situations, becoming an effective leader is a challenging task. One reflective note is that it is important to cultivate good leadership skills. One must evaluate personalRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1225 Words   |  5 Pages with their team. Leadership is â€Å"the behavior of an individual . . . directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal† (Hemphill Coons, (1957). p. 7). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization† (Katz Kahn, (1978). p. 528). †¢ Leadership is â€Å"the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement† (Rauch Behling, (1984). p. 46). †¢ â€Å"Leadership is about articulatingRead MoreLeadership : Leadership And Leadership1476 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Effectiveness There are many different approaches to leadership, which can be dependent upon the task at hand. Some leaders are authoritative, making all the decisions for group members and allowing no space for error or input. There are those who may opt to take the President Obama approach with a more democratic leadership role, inviting the ideas of others and encouraging open communication and staff participation. Then there are the servant leaders whom are largely respected and followedRead MoreLeadership And Leadership Theory Of Leadership1341 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Application Jesus Cabral Brandman University The author of this paper has been in various leadership positions for over 20 years. Some positions held by the author have been team leader, Operations Manager, General Manager, and Director of Operations. The author has lead teams with various degrees of education and from many cultures. The leadership theories studied during OLCU 400 will assist this leader though experienced to become much more effective and focus on thoseRead MoreLeadership, Leadership And Leadership Development915 Words   |  4 Pagestake a leadership role in any activity. They are more valued by followers and have higher performing teams. (Cherry 2014) However, leaders are the ones that use their leadership skills to make a difference in this world, such as presidents, teachers, or even college graduates. Leadership is not something you can learn from a book, but you have to gain this skill through experiences such as holding an office, organizing an event, speaking in front of people, or participating in a leadership programRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is important because it helps followers reach a common goal. There have been several studies based on effective leadership. The definition of leadership has evolved over the years adapting to the different views of the world. Leaders have influence on their followers they are looked up to. Being a leader means there will be interaction with different behaviors and personalities. Effective leaders sometimes have to adjust their style approach by the situation they are in. Every followersRead MoreTransformational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership887 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of leadership has transformed throughout the years to encompass varying aspects of leadership approaches, leadership types and the like. According to Summerfield (2014), C. F. Rauch and O. Behling, quote leadership as: Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement. Given its broad definition, leadership is understood to have different meanings when applied to diverse situations. For example, there are different types of approaches toRead MoreOrganizational Leadership : Leadership And Leadership1568 Words   |  7 PagesConceptualizing Leadership Leadership is different in the eyes of each and every individual. What one person considers great leadership may be viewed by another as too demanding. Ultimately, time, place, situation, and people involved are considered some of the view variables for which type of leadership will be most effective. Through taking the Gallup Strengths Finder survey, I have been able to cement some of my top strengths and see how they come into play in my daily life. Learning about strengths

A Short Note On Thalassemia And Its Effects On The Body

Introduction One of the major causes of microcytic anemia is Thalassemia. It is a very common hereditary blood disorder where the proteins called hemoglobin, which are located in red blood cells and have the function of carrying oxygen, are abnormally formed. It is mainly because of an imbalance in the production of alpha or beta globin. To be normal, one must have an equal production of both alpha and beta globin in their body. However, when the body does not produce this in equal proportions, it causes a condition such an Anemia. Anemia is a disorder where your body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to transport enough oxygen in the body. The Thalassemia disease is caused due a genetic mutation, or a deletion on very certain key genes. History Dating back to the early 1900s was when Sickle cell disease was first discovered. Studies from different Pathologist and researchers concluded the abnormal shapes of hemoglobin, which back then was referred to as â€Å"hemoglobin S†, caused that sickle cell disease. This disease however was only understood at a biomechanical level, researchers had only grasped the concept that the changing shape of the hemoglobin was due to the change in a single amino acid error in hemoglobin S. Any progress in this field was only developed in the early 1970s during the civil right movements. The only reason that there was no significant research that was done in the field back then especially in the United States of America was because theShow MoreRelatedPediatric Nursing Study Guide -- Covering Communicable Diseases/ Blood Disorders/Childhood Cancers/Integumentary5211 Words   |  21 Pagesvaccination * Passive immunity naturally acquired – * Passive immunity artificially acquired -- c. Childhood communicable diseases Viral Exanthems (w/ rashes) * Roseola – (6mo – 3yr of age) from page 1061 and notes (Ch 38) * (Exanthem Subitum) * Agent: Human herpesvirus 6 * Source: Unknown – possibly from saliva of healthy adult; entry via nasal, buccal or conjunctival mucosa * Incubation period: 5-15 days * Communicable: Febrile period Read MoreSocial Work Assessment At Baseline6383 Words   |  26 Pagesat the laboratory. This would not allow for immediate intervention and application of the take-home dose contingency framework. Therefore, interventions related to pregabalin positive screens were postponed to the following visit. It is important to note that providing immediate ramifications are among the criteria reported for effective contingency management. This was not the case for other substances of use, and might partially contribute to explaining why percentage negative pregabalin screens

Volcano Free Essays

The evaporating of harmful gases, earthquakes, and some evidences from the manhole are the manifestations showed that an underground volcano was forming under the city. This means that there was already lava under the city and the ground cannot take the pressure anymore so it formed a volcano. The physical changes in the movie are the breaking of glasses from buildings, breaking of buildings, cracking of the ground, boiling of water from the pond, injured people, the melting of metal, and the falling down of some properties. We will write a custom essay sample on Volcano or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chemical changes are the burning of trees and people, formation of the volcano and its eruption, the ashfall, and the lava turning to rocks when mixed with water. These changes are driven by some factors in the environment such as the formation of gases underground, and the eruption of the volcano. The eruption affected the place by destroying buildings and properties, injuring people, loss of lives, and the panicking and crying of the citizens. I learned that we should always be alert, caring, trustworthy, and we should have teamwork and cooperation. We should be alert so that when disasters like this happen to our community, we’ll know what to do and we can evacuate safely. We should be trustworthy so that other people will believe us and we should trust one another. We should be caring and concerned to each other and other people. In disasters like this, we can do small heroic acts which can save lives of millions of people that means very big to them. We should do heroic acts not because we want to be recognized but because it came from our heart. Last but not the least, we should have teamwork and cooperation so that problems can be solved quickly and we can aim for success. How to cite Volcano, Essay examples

Capital Business Gain Tax Investors

Question: Describe about the Capital Business Gain Tax Investors. Answer: 1. The key points that are required to be highlighted in the given case are mentioned below. Fred had made a purchase of a holiday home in the Blue Mountains for a total amount of $ 100,000. In addition, he also incurred certain legal costs and expenses in the form of stamp duty to execute ownership change in his favour. The same holiday home has been sold in FY2016 at a total value of $ 800,000. Even though the implementation of the sale agreement and receiving of the $ 800,000 are separated by considerable time of six months, but as both these events have transpired in FY2016 only, hence the capital gains on the sale of the holiday home would be taxable in the same year i.e. FY2016. It is known that while executing the sale of the house, Fred had to incur legal costs ($1,100) along with a hefty commission to the real estate agent ($9,900). These would be reflected in the cost base as highlighted in Section 110-25, ITAA 1997 (Barkoczy, 2016). Also, while calculating the overall capital gains for the current year, consideration needs to be accorded to the past capital loss to the tune of $ 10,000 which was incurred in the last year on account of indulgence in share trade and sale of antique vase. For achieving the task at hand, it is imperative to identify the various capital gains events and determine if capital gains derived are taxable or not. Once it is ascertained that these are indeed taxable, then using the discount or indexation method, the CGT liability can be potentially determined (CCH, 2013). Applicability of CGT on Holiday Home It is apparent that the house is not being used as a main residence since it is a holiday home. Hence, main residence exemption under Division 118 is not applicable in the given case. Further, considering that the property was purchased at a time when CGT was already in place, hence the capital gains tax could not be escaped on the premise that the asset was bought in the pre-CGT era (ATO, 2016a). As a result, CGT would be payable on the taxable gains arising from the sale of the holiday home. Determination of Taxable Capital Gains It is known from the given facts that Fred has incurred certain costs over and above the purchasing price of the holiday home. These costs are accounted for in the computation of cost base which as advocated by Section 110-25 consists of the following elements (Coleman et. al., 2016). Acquisition price of the asset Incremental cost related to acquiring the asset ownership Incremental cost related with finding a suitable buyer and execution of sale Any cost during construction undertaken for any modifications or additions that enhance the value of the asset significantly. Any cost incurred by the owner to continue the asset possession and ownership. The cost base computation for the holiday home at Blue Mountains is illustrated below (Barkoczy, 2016). Price at which acquisition of asset took place = $ 100,000 Incremental cost related to acquiring the asset ownership = Stamp Duty + Legal Fees = 2000 + 1000 = $ 3,000 Incremental cost related with finding a suitable buyer and execution of sale = Fees given to the real estate agent + Legal Fees = 9900 + 1100 = $11,000 Any cost during construction undertaken for any modifications or additions that enhance the value of the asset significantly Cost of erecting a garage on the property = $ 20,000 Therefore, total cost base of asset in accordance with Section 110-25 = 100,000 + 3,000 + 11,000 + 20,000 = $ 134,000 Fred owing to his status of being an individual taxpayer and the fact that holiday home was purchased before 1999 has two choices for net capital gains calculation in the form of indexation and discount method. For this case, Fred would choose the discount method since it is expected to yield lower taxable gains due to the cost base being insignificant in comparison to the sales proceeds. This method is given in Section 115-25 and advocates that on long term gains, a 50% discount on capital gains is permissible (CCH, 2013). Proceeds derived on sale of asset = $ 800,000 Computed cost base of asset = $ 134,000 Hence, capital gains of asset = 800000 134000 = $ 666,000 The question also highlights previous capital losses on share sale to the extent of $ 10,000 which would be brought forward to the current year and adjusted against the gains derived from house sale in FY2016. Once the net capital gains are derived by adjusting previous losses, then the discount method can be used for computation of the taxable component of capital gains for Fred in the current year (ATO, 2016a). Post adjustment capital gains for Fred = 666,000 10,000 = $656,000 Offered discount on the above gains (Section 115-25) = (1/2)* 656,000 = $ 328,000 Thus, capital gains component that is taxable for the current year = $656,000 - $ 328,000 = $ 328,000 Capital losses from Antique vase Unlike the share losses which were adjusted against property capital gains, the same is not possible for antique vase because for antiques the losses have to be necessarily settled against future capital gains that are derived only from the sale of antique product only. Thus, for the situation at hand, the previous loss would be carried forward to the next year where it would be only adjusted against the antique capital gains if present (Coleman et. al., 2016). Post adjustment capital gains for Fred = 666,000 0 = $666,000 Offered discount on the above gains (Section 115-25) = (1/2)* 666,000 = $ 333,000 Thus, capital gains component that is taxable for the current year = $666,000 - $ 333,000 = $ 333,000 2. Issue The critical issue is to opine the fringe benefits tax (FBT) liability for Periwinkle for the given fringe benefits to Emma. Law and Application In the current case, Periwinkle Pty Ltd is bathtub production firm which offered car fringe benefits, loan fringe benefits and internal expense fringe benefits to employee Emma. The fringe benefits liabilities for the proposed fringe benefits would be computed below: Car fringe benefits Section 8, FBTAA 1986 highlights that any vehicle (owned by employer) extended on behalf of the firm to the employee for the personal use would be termed as car fringe benefits. The employer is responsible for the FBT payable for the car fringe benefits (Coleman et. al., 2016). Periwinkle bought car on May 1, 2015 and on the same day gave it to Emma. Periwinkle paid $33,000 for the car and had not specified the nature of the use of the car to Emma. As a result Emma is authorised to use the car even for personal use which she indeed does and hence car fringe benefits have indeed been given to Emma. The relevant FBT calculation in regards to this is carried out below (ICB, 2016). Base value of Car Cars base value for FY2016 = Actual car price - amount spent on car repairing in FY2016 = 33000 550 = $32,450... (1) Statutory Percentage As per the ruling of the ATO, any vehicle purchased after April 1, 2014 would be accountable for the statutory percentage as 20% and in the current case, the car had been bought on May1, 2015 and thus, it is taken as 20% for the financial year 2016 (ATO, 2016c). Statutory percentage of the car = 20%.................................................. (2) Availability of Car for the employee Emma (FY2016) Car was extended to Emma on May 1, 2015 only instead of the year beginning or April 1 and hence, the availability of the car in this income year is 335 out of 365. Additionally, five days were deductible from total available days because in that period car was at service station for yearly repairing. However, the period of 10 days would not deductible when the car was at airport because it was parked at the airport by Emma as she was not present in the town for that 10 days period. Availability of car in FY2016 for employee Emma = 335 5 =330 days (3) Gross up factor for the car for FY 2016 would be taken as 2.1463 as GST is payable on the car which makes it is a good belonging to Type 1 category (ATO, 2016b). = Gross up factor = 2.1463 .. (4) Hence, grossed up value of car fringe benefit derived by Emma = 2.1463 = $12,594 On the basis of the above steps, FBT that Periwinkle has to pay = =$6,171 Loan fringe benefits Loan amount should be provided at the standard interest rate declared by the Reserve Bank of Australia for the respective financial year. If any fund is issued by employer at lower than this rate, this would lead to the loan fringe benefits (CCH, 2013). Periwinkle offered the loan of $500,000 at 4.45% pa however, the standard interest for tax year 2015-2016 was 5.95%. Therefore, the loan fringe benefits have been offered by Periwinkle to Emma. The shortfall of the interest calculated on the loan amount with respect to the standard interest rate (RBA) and offered interest rate would be considered for the computation of the FBT payable for the firm Periwinkle (Barkoczy, 2016). Step 1 Interest payable (@5.95 % as per the RBA standard rate) = = $28,250 (1) Step 2 Interest payable annually (@ 4.45 % as per rate offered by employer) = = $22,250 (2) Step 3 Interest amount saved due to lower interest rate on an annual basis = $ 28,250 - $ 22,250 = $6,000 (3) Step 4 Periwinkle offered loan on September 1 it means the total number of days for which loan was utilized by Emma for the tax year 2015-16 is given by = 213 days. (4) Step 5 Taxable value for the issued loan fringe benefits = 6000 = $3,491.80 (5) Step 6 Loan is listed in the type 2 goods and hence (ATO, 2016b) = Gross up factor = 1.9608 (6) Step 7 Grossed up value for the offered loan fringe benefits = 3,491.80 1.9608 = 6,846.72 On the basis of the above steps = 6,846.72 = $3,355 In case, the offered amount by employer would generate income at the employees end, then the interest on the amount would be considered for the income tax deduction for employer (ICB, 2016). As per the case, if the holiday home which was bought with the help of the loan amount produced income to Emma then the interest on the amount of $450,000 would be liable for tax deduction for Periwinkle. However, this aspect is not valid for the amount $50,000 which was used by her husband. Internal expense fringe benefits (bathtub) The product of the Periwinkle firm i.e. bathtub was issued to Emma at half of the sale value which means the internal expense fringe benefits is offered by Periwinkle (Austlii, 2016). Step 1 Selling price of the product (bathtub) = $2,600 ... (1) Step 2 Special offered price for Emma for the bathtub = $1,300 (2) Step 3 Internal expense fringe benefits = 2600 1300 = $1300 . (3) Step 4 75% of Selling price of the product (bathtub) = = 1,950 On the basis of the above steps Taxable amount for the internal expense fringe benefits = 1950 1300 = 650 FBT that Periwinkle has to pay = 650*2.1463*0.49 = $ 684 (b) If Emma herself utilized the amount $50,000 for buying the shares and dividend income is received by Emma, than the tax deduction is applicable for Periwinkle on this amount (Coleman et. al., 2016). Step 1 Interest payable (@ 5.95 % as per the standard rate) = = $2825 (1) Step 2 Interest payable (@4.45 % as per rate offered by employer) = = $2225 (2) Step 3 Deductible amount for the employer = $ 2825 - $ 2225 = $600 References ATO 2016a, Personal investors guide to capital gains tax 2016, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/uploadedFiles/Content/MEI/downloads/Personal-investors-guide-to-cgt-2016.pdf (Accessed on September 30, 2016) ATO 2016b, Gross-up rates for FBT, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/fbt/?page=3 (Accessed on September 30, 3016) ATO 2016c, Car fringe benefits statutory formula rates, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/fbt/?page=4 (Accessed on September 30, 3016) Austlii 2016, FRINGE BENEFITS TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1986 - SECT 20, Australian Legal Institute, Available online from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fbtaa1986312/s20.html (Accessed on September 30, 2016) Barkoczy,S 2016,Foundation of Taxation Law 2015,8th eds., CCH Publications, North Ryde CCH 2013, Australian Master Tax Guide 2013, 51st eds., Wolters Kluwer, Sydney Coleman C, Hart G, Jogarajan S, Krever R McLaren J, Sadiq K 2016, 9th eds., Principles of Taxation Law, Thompson Reuters, Sydney ICB 2016, Fringe Benefits Tax, Institute of Certified Bookkeepers, Available online from https://www.icb.org.au/out/?dlid=12013 (Accessed on September 28, 2016)

Hbc from Fur to Fendi free essay sample

Three strategies HBC employed prior to its sale to Zucker and NRDC were the e-business strategy, differentiation strategy and the growth strategy. HBC has made their company accessible through the internet by creating an online shopping system. This provides customers with the option to shop online rather than having to go to the actual store themselves. HBC also created a rewards program for its loyal customers. These points can be redeemed with every purchase made and would encourage customers to buy more to receive more points. It acts as composition for customer purchases. Lastly, HBC had expanded its corporation to increase earnings and profits. They did this by purchasing other retailers such as Zellers, Home Outfitters and K-Mart Canada. 2. Following HBC’s sale to Zucker and NRDC, three strategies have been implemented. (1) HBC dropped 60 percent if its preceding brands. By doing this, they hoped to draw customers back to their store. We will write a custom essay sample on Hbc from Fur to Fendi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (2) HBC also relaunched â€Å"The Room†, a luxury VIP suite with high-end designer clothing, shoes and accessories such as Christian Louboutin, Brian Atwood, Alaia and many more. 3) HBC became an official sponsor for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. They sold Olympic brand merchandise which expanded The Bay’s market segment. Therefore, fans can purchase Olympic merchandise whenever they choose. 3. These strategies can be categorized into two levels of strategies: business and corporate. The business strategies include: e-business strategy, rewards program, and dropping 60 percent of previous brands. The corporate strategies include: relaunch of â€Å"The Room†, becoming a sponsor of the Olympics and expansion of the company.

Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development free essay sample

CYPCore32-1 Be able to assess the development needs of children or young people and prepare a development plan. CYPCore32-1. 1 Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. When carrying out an assessment, there are a number of important factors that have to be taken into consideration. Before recording any information, permission should be obtained from the parents/carers of the child and possibly even the child. This permission is normally obtained when the Policies and Permissions are signed as part of the contract of care. The information recorded should be appropriately shared with the parents/carers and other professionals who are involved with the care of the child e. g. physiotherapists, occupational therapists. Paper copies of the information should be kept secure in a lockable filing cabinet while digital data should be stored on a removable device that can be locked away or on a cloud based system that has appropriate security measures and can only be accessed by the childminder and possibly parents/carers. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Care should be taken when observing the child and their feelings should be taken into account e. g. a child might become closed if they see a camera pointing at them or they feel that the personal space is being invaded. Ethnic, cultural and language backgrounds should be taken into account e. g. a family might be offended if a male is observing their child; or it might be difficult to understand a child who does not have English as their primary language. A practitioner should be aware that a child who is disabled or has special requirements might not be as developmentally advanced as other children e. g. a two year old who has suffered a stroke might have difficulty in walking or might only have full function in one arm. The information recorded should be based on accurate factual data obtained from your observations. Personal opinions should not be recorded as the data could be biased and effect future planning for the child. Children should not be compared against each other as one might be more advanced in some areas then the other and vice versa. Where two people are observing the same child at the same time, the data recorded can be more accurate. Observations should take place in a variety of locations over a period of time so as much information can be gained giving a bigger picture of the child’s development.

Iron Man 3 Movie

Illegal Insider Trading Essays - Stock Market, Insider Trading

Illegal Insider Trading Consider this: "Imagine a boardroom of corporate executives, along with their lawyers, accountants, and investment bankers, plotting to take over a public company. The date is set; an announcement is due within weeks. Meeting adjourned, many of them phone their brokers and load up on the stock of the target company. When the takeover is announced, the share price zooms up and the lucky 'investors' dump their holdings for millions in profits." First things first - insider trading is perfectly legal. Officers and directors who owe a fiduciary duty to stockholders have just as much right to trade a security as the next investor. But the crucial distinction between legal and illegal insider trading lies in intent. What this paper plans to investigate is the illegal aspects of insider trading. What is insider trading? According to Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, it is "any manipulative or deceptive device in connection with the purchase or sale of any security." This ruling served as a deterrent for the early part of this century before the stock market became such a vital part of our lives. But as the 1960's arrived and illegal insider activity began to pick up, courts were handcuffed by this vague definition. So judicial members were forced to interpret "on the fly" since Congress never gave a concrete definition. As a result, two theories of insider trading liability have evolved over the past three decades through judicial and administrative interpretation: the classical theory and the misappropriation theory. The classical theory is the type of illegal activity one usually thinks of when the words "insider trading" are mentioned. The theory's framework emerged from the 1961 SEC administrative case of Cady Roberts. This was the SEC's first attempt to regulate securities trading by corporate insiders. The ruling paved the way for the traditional way we define insider trading - "trading of a firm's stock or derivatives assets by its officers, directors and other key employees on the basis of information not available to the public." The Supreme Court officially recognized the classical theory in the 1980 case U.S. v. Chiarella. U.S. v. Chiarella was the first criminal case of insider trading. Vincent Chiarella was a printer who put together the coded packets used by companies preparing to launch a tender offer for other firms. Chiarella broke the code and bought shares of the target companies based on his knowledge of the takeover bid. He was eventually caught, and his case clarified the terms of what has come to be known as the classical theory of insider trading. However, the Supreme Court reversed his conviction on the grounds that the existing insider trading law only applied to people who owed a fiduciary responsibility to those involved in the transaction. This sent the SEC scrambling to find a way to hold these "outsiders" equally accountable. As a result, the misappropriation theory evolved over the last two decades. It attempted to include these "outsiders" under the broad classifications of insider trading. An outsider is a "person not within or affiliated with the corporation whose stock is traded." Before this theory came into existence, only people who worked for or had a direct legal relationship with a company could be held liable. Now casual investors in possession of sensitive information who were not involved with the company could be held to the same standards as CEOs and directors. This theory stemmed from a 1983 case, Dirks v. SEC, but the existence of the misappropriation theory had not been truly recognized until U.S. v. O'Hagan in 1995. The case - U.S. v. O'Hagan - involved an attorney at a Minneapolis law firm. He learned that a client of his firm (Grand Met) was about to launch a takeover bid for Pillsbury, even though he wasn't directly involved in the deal. The lawyer then bought a very sizable amount of Pillsbury stock options at a price of $39. After Grand Met announced its tender offer, the price of Pillsbury stock rose to nearly $60 a share. When the smoke finally cleared, O'Hagan had made a profit of more than $4.3 million. He was initially convicted, but the verdict was overturned. The case bounced around in the Court of Appeals for several years before it made its way to the Supreme Court. It is there the Supreme Court held that O'Hagan could be prosecuted for using inside information, even if he did not work for Pillsbury or owe any legal duty to the company. In a 6-3 ruling, the court indicted O'Hagan

How Odds Are Related to Probability

How Odds Are Related to Probability Many times the odds of an event occurring are posted. For example, one might say that a particular sports team is a 2:1 favorite to win the big game. What many people do not realize is that odds such as these are really just a restatement of the probability of an event. Probability compares the number of successes to the total number of attempts made. The odds in favor of an event compares the number of successes to the number of failures.  In what follows, we will see what this means in greater detail. First, we consider a little notation. Notation for Odds We express our odds as a ratio of one number to another. Typically we read ratio A:B as A to B. Each number of these ratios can be multiplied by the same number. So the odds 1:2 is equivalent to saying 5:10. Probability to Odds Probability can be carefully defined using set theory and a few axioms, but the basic idea is that probability uses a real number between zero and one to measure the likelihood of an event occurring. There are a variety of ways to think about how to compute this number. One way is to think about performing an experiment several times. We count the number of times that the experiment is successful and then divide this number by the total number of trials of the experiment. If we have A successes out of a total of N trials, then the probability of success is A/N. But if we instead consider the number of successes versus the number of failures, we are now calculating the odds in favor of an event. If there were N trials and A successes, then there were N - A B failures. So the odds in favor are A to B. We can also express this as A:B. An Example of Probability to Odds In the past five seasons, crosstown football rivals the Quakers and the Comets have played each other with the Comets winning twice and the Quakers winning three times. On the basis of these outcomes, we can calculate the probability the Quakers win and the odds in favor of their winning. There was a total of three wins out of five, so the probability of winning this year is 3/5 0.6 60%. Expressed in terms of odds, we have that there were three wins for the Quakers and two losses, so the odds in favor of them winning are 3:2. Odds to Probability The calculation can go the other way. We can start with odds for an event and then derive its probability. If we know that the odds in favor of an event are A to B, then this means that there were A successes for A B trials. This means that the probability of the event is A/(A B ). An Example of Odds to Probability A clinical trial reports that a new drug has odds of 5 to 1 in favor of curing a disease. What is the probability that this drug will cure the disease? Here we say that for every five times that the drug cures a patient, there is one time where it does not. This gives a probability of 5/6 that the drug will cure a given patient. Why Use Odds? Probability is nice, and gets the job done, so why do we have an alternate way to express it? Odds can be helpful when we want to compare how much larger one probability is relative to another. An event with a probability 75% has odds of 75 to 25. We can simplify this to 3 to 1. This means that the event is three times more likely to occur than not occur.

Independence Day Essay Example

Independence Day Essay Example Independence Day Essay Independence Day Essay Independence Day (India) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fifteenth of August redirects here. For other uses, see August 15. Independence Day The national flag of India, on the Red fort in New Delhi; a common sight on public and private buildings on national holidays like the 15th of August. Also called The Fifteenth of August (Hindi) ( ) (Hindi) Observed by India Type National Significance The day India became independent from British rule. Date August 15 Celebrations Flag hoisting, Parades, Singing patriotic songs, Speech by hePrime Minister, Family reunions,Picnics, Kite flying Independence Day of India is celebrated on Fifteenth of August (8/15/47) to commemorate its independence from British rule and its birth as a sovereignnation in 1947. [1] The day is a national holiday in India. All over the country, flag-hoisting ceremonies are conducted by the local administration inattendance. The main event takes place in New Delhi, the capital city of India, where the Prime Min ister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and deliversa nationally televised speech from its ramparts. In his speech, he highlights the achievements f his government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The Prime Minister also pays his tribute to leaders of the freedom struggle. The Prime Minister also declares holiday on 15 August. Contents [hide] 1 Backgrou nd 2 Celebrati ons 3 See also 4 Referenc es 5 External links [edit]Background In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native orces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India,[2][3] decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948. As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the pr ovinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than seven months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including Pandit Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, B. R. Ambedkar and Master Tara Singh agreed to a partition of the country along religious lines. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. Many millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu refugees trekked across the newly drawn borders. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhis presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, anywhere between 50,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence. [4] On 14 August 1947, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being, with Muhammad Ali Jinnahsworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi. At the stroke of midnight, as India moved into August 15, 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, read out the famous Tryst with destiny spee ch proclaiming Indias independence. India, now a smaller Union of India, became an independent country with official ceremonies taking place in New Delhi, and with Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of the first prime minister, and the viceroy, Louis Mountbatten, staying on as its irst Governor General. [edit]Celebrations This section requires expansion. The Indian flag at Delhi Gate The Prime Minister of India hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site, Red Fort ( ), Delhi, on August 15. This is telecasted live on the National Channel Doordarshan and many other News Channels all over India. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs take place in all the state capitals. In the cities around the country the national flag is hoisted by politicians in their constituencies. In various private organisations the flag hoisting is carried out by a senior official of that organisation. All over the country, flags are given out to citizens who wear them proudly to show their patriotism towards India. Schools and colleges around the country organise flag hoisting ceremonies and various tural events within their premises, where younger children in costume do impersonations of their favourite characters of the Independence era. They also have a parade. Families and friends get together for lunch or dinner or for an outing. Housing colonies, cultural centres, clubs and societies hold entertainment programs and competitions, usually based on the Independence Day theme. Most national and regional television channels screen old and new film classics with patriotic themes on Independence Day. Many non-governmental organizations telecast patriotic programs. It is a national festival that is celebrated by every Indian irrespective of religion. 15 , 1947 1857 ? 1830 . , 15 . 15 , . ( ) 15 ( ) ( ) . 15 , , , , , 1947 (8/15/47) . [1 ] . , . , , hoists . , ? . . 15 . [hide] 1 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 [ ] 1946 , , ? , , ? , [2] [3 ] , , . , . , , , , . 1947 , , , , , . , . , . , , , , tempers assuaged , . , 250,000 500,000 . [4] 14 1947, ? , . 15 , 1947 , independence. India, , , , . [ ] . hoists , ( ), , 15 . . . . . , . , impersonations . . . , , , . . . .

Politics of Screen Practise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Politics of Screen Practise - Essay Example Both Sergei Eisenstein’s Battleship Potemkin that featured the USSR in 1952 and Gillo Pontecorvo’s The Battle of Algiers that focused on Algeria in 1966 are some of the renowned revolutionary films (Rosenstone, 2002). These films were produced after the occurrence of revolution in the countries. Goskino, the USSR State Committee for cinematography developed The Battleship Potemkin while Casbah Films managed by Saadi Yacef, produced The Battle of Algiers. The films entail of a stage that focuses on revolutionary struggle of battles that were lost. These were essential in the development of a new collective identity and also marked the historic activities that occurred during the period. However we note that despite propagandistic objectives, the films entail of a wide variety of interpretation. The revolutionary films have a fundamental characteristic that focuses on the anti-colonial liberation movements. This develops through a sense of self-assurance and definition of their culture after many years of colonial rule (Rosenstone, 2002). Revolution films are termed to be stocktaking; they have the ability of creating a clear perception of its reflection to the society. This is evident in the scenario where the people protesting in Cair Tahrir square identified themselves on the videos that were projected on large screens in their camps. According to Battleship Potemkin, Sergei Eisenstein depicts the prior revolution of the Russians that occurred in the year 1905. This was a film that was highly recommended by many individuals. The viewers were captured by the creativity of the film even with the occurrence of the Cold War since it entailed of a mutiny based in czar’s naval vessel. The film focused on a exhilarating description based on combined revolution and a virtual subject describing how the editing of the film executed excitement, sympathy and revolutionary anger. The themes of the film are

Character Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Character Analysis - Essay Example Their similarities in handling situations in the story were evidently exhibited from the manner by which they apparently lived in secrecy. At the beginning of the story, it was revealed that when Emily Grierson died, the townsfolk, especially women, were immensely curious to see the inside of the house since no one, except â€Å"an old man-servant--a combined gardener and cook--had seen in at least ten years† (Faulkner 1). Emily, on the other hand, was noted to have been in recluse and has kept â€Å"her front door remained closed, save for a period of six or seven years, when she was about forty† (Faulkner 7). These traits exhibited these two characters preference for isolation, secrecy and reclusion by keeping the doors to the house close: â€Å"the front door closed upon the last one and remained closed for good† (Faulkner 8). In addition, it was revealed in the story that both characters hardly even talked; either to each other or even with other people. They manifested coldness, indifference, and obliviousness of what other have to say. As cited about Tobe: â€Å"we had long since given up trying to get any information from the Negro. He talked to no one, probably not even to her, for his voice had grown harsh and rusty, as if from disuse† (Faulkner 8). Of Emily, the townspeople allegedly describe her as passing â€Å"from generation to generation--dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse† (Faulkner 8). She apparently had not interacted with any other character in town, except when Emily was visited by the members of the Board of Aldermen to collect taxes; of which, her response were cold and firm, as her actions indicate banishment and indifference to abiding by their purpose. As such, both characters where seen by the townsfolk only as fleeting and described them as aging figures. Tobe was described as frequently seen going in and out of the house; without much interaction and interpersonal relationships wi th the townsfolk. As disclosed, â€Å"daily, monthly, yearly we watched the Negro grow grayer and more stooped, going in and out with the market basket† (Faulkner 8). Concurrently, the same physical description was noted for Emily: â€Å"during the next few years it grew grayer and grayer until it attained an even pepper-and-salt iron-gray, when it ceased turning† (Faulkner 7). Finally, these characters showed similarities in handling challenges and trials in life: they kept everything to themselves and seemingly denying the realities of life. Tobe, who apparently knew everything that was going on in Emily’s house, refused to neither divulge any secrets nor defy the confidence given him by his master. Emily, on the other hand, handled both deaths in her family (through denying his father’s death; and again, for poisoning Homer Barron and keeping his dead body in the house) through fits of denial. It could actually be inferred that Emily could be exhibitin g symptoms of mental illness: â€Å"the inability to either feel or demonstrate appropriate affect, or emotion, that is congruent to a particular situation is one of the

Elaborate sustainable solutions on how to reduce construction waste Essay

Elaborate sustainable solutions on how to reduce construction waste during construction sites in United Arab Emirates - Essay Example and materials which are stored at the construction site are not always stored in the proper manner and as such, cause problems with regards to the performance of the workers and the use of the surrounding amenities. Most of the construction area pollution is being caused by activities such as drilling, piling, cement mixing, etc. which generate immeasurable dust stemming from the construction activities at various locations which utilize machinery in the mixing and exhausting of materials. With dust being pointed to as the major cause of air pollution, it has become quite evident that the chemicals and fuels necessary to proceed with the project need to be considered in terms of storage and use in order to lessen its harmful effects, discomfort, and air pollution at the site . Co2 emissions are normally traced back to the maachinery and stored materials. Over time these emissions affect not only the environment, but the moral of the workers whose productivity is directly tied in with their sick days. More sick days on their part often results on delayed project completion. Due to these aforementioned reasons, it is quite obvious that proper storage, organization, and regulations must be implemented at the construction sites fortheir materials, components, and machinery which can help to lower the pollution generated during the construction period. The sound pollution created by the vibration of the machinery and vehicles at the construction site due to the haphazard use of the equipment or low quality of construction materials used. The soil and heavy materials that move around at the site cause a vibration which create noise that can adversely affect the health and hearing of the workers. As such, a variety of building related illnesses can be noted during this span of time among the workers. Unfortunately, the noise cannot be avoided because of the size of the machinery used and large scale vibration that it creates. However, the noise pollution can be managed

Grammar and Composition Drafting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Grammar and Composition Drafting - Essay Example In my view, technology plays a destructive role in the modern society because it produces weapon with which people kill each other, ruins people’s morality through boosting greed in them, and destroys nature since it is often impossible to control. The middle part of your paper is the body of the paper. It develops the most important points which support your thesis statement. It contains three paragraphs. These paragraphs follow the points listed in the three-step format. Technology produces weapon with which people kill each other. Billions of people have been murdered with the help of technology since the day a shotgun was invented. Patrick Thomson, a Director of the Royal Museum in Sussex, says, â€Å"Who knows how many people would have lived longer but for the ordinary shot gun† (Thomson, â€Å"Destruction Today†). Similarly, Wendy Clifford, an American reporter, believes weapon plays a fatal role in 2 out of 20 domestic conflicts where it is used (Clifford, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Weapon†). Technology ruins human morality through boosting greed in people. When we see new iPads or iPhones advertised on TV, we wish to get these things even if in reality we do not need them. Other examples of greed for more technologically advanced and thus â€Å"better† things include: wishes to change cars, cell phones, software, and television. Technology destroys nature since it is often impossible to control. Nuclear explosions, oil spills, and animal extinction – these are horrible results of technological progress. It seems, if humanity continues to â€Å"develop† with the same pace, our planet Earth will become a deserted place in the following 100 years or even less. All in all, it is hard to find something less ruinous and destructive than technology invented by people. Since weapon kills people, greed for new gadgets â€Å"kills† morality and human inventions destroy nature, technology may be easily believed to play a destructive role in

Sainsbury Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sainsbury - Case Study Example In 1972 the company was placed on the London stock exchange. The family members maintained eighty five percent of the shares. In 1979 they went into partnership with GB Inn BM a retail company from Belgium. And started a chain store using their Home base. Soon after buying Texas Home care in 1995 the size of home base became tripled. In 2000 Home base was sold by Sainsbury. Currently it is planning to relocate to King cross the support centre store from Holborn. This year it has also added to itself Curley's store from the Irish. It is currently operating eight hundred and twenty three supermarkets and stores. Out of these five hundred and four are supermarkets. While three hundred and nineteen are convenience stores. It is also offering shopping on internet; they have also started a bank in conjunction with a Scottish bank. Its supply chain is also operating in 10 centres of region distribution. The pestel model can be used to analyze the macro environment factors that are likely to affect the business for example the changes in the in taxes imposed, trade laws, change in government policy, and change in population and many more others. The model takes into consideration the following factors; Political, Economic, Social, Technological, environmental and the legal factors. ThPolitical Factors: The Government announced last month that's its intending to decrease the taxes it is imposing to the corporation companies by two percent (from the current thirty percent to twenty eight percent). This will have a big impact to the corporation Sainsbury included they will be able to save a lot of money. The money they will have saved will be allocated to an alternative use. (Department of Treasury 2008). There were allegations in UK about the retailers who were fixing prices. The government has established commission of enquiry. The investigation is mainly done to the biggest four retail industries who have been accused of the malpractices J. Sainsbury included. This is going to affect Sainsbury despite the fact that they have already established themselves with their customer. As many of their customers will have a negative perception about them, they will think that they have all along been cheated. (Doherty 2008 page 15) The good infrastructure which the government has provided like good roads has also impacted positively on them, as this has made their goods to move with ease. In 1997 the government (Labour party) established the Monetary Policy Committee. The body was given the mandate to set the rates of interest. Despite this being political it had an impact on the economy of the country which in turn affected the profits earned by Sainsbury in their banking business. Economic Factors: The food problem that the world is currently undergoing has made the prices of the food to increase. This has greatly increased the cost of expenditure which Sainsbury is using to buy food. Their profit margin is expected to reduce to some small percentage. The prices of most commodities have raised in the supermarket a fact that is attributed to the current food shortages. All these are expected to have an impact on the profit margin that is the profit margin is expected to reduce. (Sir Henry 2007 page 23) The current economic turmoil

ECON WEEK 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ECON WEEK 2 - Assignment Example GDP and its related concepts [real GDP, GDP per capita etc.] are therefore incomplete measures of an economy’s health, they only account for goods and services with legal monetary value; that is, those produced and sold in legal markets (Ouanes & Thakur, 1997). Accordingly, productive activities such as a businessman fixing own broken machine, literally bypassing market transaction processes, is overlooked. Secondly, it evident that a country producing too much goods and services might actually do so by emitting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus, dampening the quality of life/air within its boundaries. Such negative externalities are always relegated in the periphery in GDP accounting, which by and large reduces the quality of human life (Hunt & Nesiba, 2008). Last but not least, a country’s output increases can be the result of increased hours of work with limited time off duty. Leisure time contributes a great deal to the quality of life that one lives , so much to the extent that it is but a misguided conclusion to assume that more products and services as measured by the GDP translates into a more enjoyable life within an

Teleological Argument on the Existence of God

Teleological Argument on the Existence of God In todays society there are many arguments surrounding the question does God exist?. One of these is the teleological argument. The world around us is very intricate, from snowflakes to plain old rocks, much like the items we ourselves create. Many people nowadays and throughout history (myself included) noticed this trend and think about how our world is structured and detailed in a way that when studied closely, looks as though it mustve been designed in order to exist at all. Nothing we create that is complex (a computer chip/watch) is there by chance, they had to be designed, it had to be intricately placed together in order to create said object. If this is true of manmade objects, then surely everything that surrounds has to be created by an intelligent being too? These thoughts were brought together by William Paley and form what is known as the teleological argument in philosophy. A rock is just as complicated and mosaic like as a watch that has been painstakingly designed by hand when viewed on a quantum level, this idea is fully explained and examined in the watchmakers analogy which suggests that if a watch was designed, then surely all that is intricate in nature must surely have an ultimate creator. Paley himself began to consider this argument while thinking about religion, how God fits into the creation of the universe and everything in it. The theory that all things must be created, otherwise known as the intelligent design theory, has been debated and supported by numerous philosophers throughout the ages, from St Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, through the movement in the 16th and 17th centuries led by the likes of William Derham, to modern day philosophical theorists and evolutionary biologists such as eminent atheist Richard Dawkins. The earliest cited versions of this argument are associated with Socrates in ancient Greece, although it has bee n argued that his ideas were influenced by earlier philosophical arguments. Plato, his student, and Aristotle, developed complex methodologies around the idea that the universe has an intelligent designer. William Paley was an English churchman and Christian apologist who lived in the mid-18th century to the early 19th century, his treatise and lectures (that were delivered to such notable philosophers as John Locke) on moral philosophy, concerned themselves with proving the existence of God. He believed that the complexity and order of all things could not have come about as a matter of chance, and that all things within the universe seem to have been designed with a purpose in mind. In Paleys mind the only thing that would make sense in order to explain this would be a God, the Christian God of his religion. This is in direct opposition to Darwins theory of natural selection and evolution. Using the watchmakers analogy Paley suggested The marks of design are too strong to be got over. Design must have had a designer. That designer must have been a person. That person is GOD. In this theory the watch is a metaphor for the universe; God is to the universe as Watchmaker is to the watch. Even if we didnt know where the watch from the analogy came from, we could still infer that it was made by someone or something with a specific purpose in mind because of its complexity and function. This can be transferred to the origin/creation of the universe and things we cant yet explain and since we have no definitive answers as to how to universe was created, we can assume the same. Paley did not accept that the existence of things such as natural disasters or immorality in the world as a counter argument for his theory or as evidence of a creators malicious intent or bad design. After all, even the most intricately designed things can be broken or go wrong in certain circumstances. A watch, despite its intricate design might sometimes malfunction which does not disprove the fact it had been created with intent and purpose. He believed that everything in the universe (natural or man-made) has an order. For example, the galaxy orbits its centre, just as the planets orbit the sun and an electron orbits an atom. Everything has a pattern, a structure, no matter how simple or intricate it is; they are in everything you look at or do. This order, Paley argued, is proof of his argument saying that God exists and is the ultimate creator of everything. The Scottish philosopher David Hume, who was a relative contemporary to Paley, disagreed with the idea of the intelligent design argument being proof of Gods existence, which he thought had a complete lack of evidence. Hume strongly believed in empiricism (that everything comes from our senses) and thought that rational thought and the laws of nature proved that miracles werent a possibility. He also argued that an orderly universe was not proof of a creator and that even if there was a God, supreme deity or designer we couldnt possibly know anything about it or prove its existence. He thought that if there was a creator, why did it have to be God? Could there be more than one creator/God? The design argument does nothing to prove the existence of God in the traditional sense, that being a God who is omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence (all good, all knowing and always there). Perhaps this deity isnt the ultimate being and the design argument does nothing to either prove or di sprove the existence of an all-powerful God. The fact that evil exists in any form and is everywhere, suggests that God is either all-powerful but not completely good or he has good intentions but is not able to eradicate evil and isnt all-powerful. Hume uses this as counter-argument to the idea of an omniscient God as an all-good and kind god wouldnt inflict needless pain on people/sentient beings that have done nothing wrong. It doesnt make sense, why would God make us with the ability to choose good or evil in order to allow us to receive eternal life and then punish us as soon as we make our own choices? If God existed (in the traditional sense) then the existence of evil, even in the tiniest amount, would contradict what the traditional Christian God is known as and stands for because you cannot be all-good, all-powerful and all-present if you allow evil and suffering to occur. Whilst Paleys theory attempts to explain the existence of an ordered and complex universe via his intelligent design argument many other philosophers have disagreed and came up with their own theories (Hume) which counter what Paley argued and tried to explain. Hume doesnt deny that there is a God or intelligent designer, but he discredits Paley by talking about rational thought and the problem of evil which seems to further pull apart Paleys already rather flawed argument. He also disputed the assumption that everything that exists must have a creator or a cause for existence. Primarily, Hume argued that a theory represented as a best possible explanation, such as Paleys, showed a complete lack of evidence to support it and instead raised many more questions than it answered. To conclude, I do not believe that the teleological argument proves or disproves the existence of God, I do however believe that it is a matter of perspective and personal judgement when it comes down to which side to believe/be on. Humes argument seems to me to be the more logical argument between the two, as it has less loopholes and flaws when compared to the teleological side. However, contrary to his reputation as The Great Infidel, Hume did nor categorically deny the existence of God, but argued that it cannot either be proved, nor disproved, which allows room for interpretation depending on your viewpoint.

Medical Data Analytics Using R

Medical Data Analytics Using R 1.) R for Recency => months since last donation, 2.) F for Frequency => total number of donation, 3.) M for Monetary => total amount of blood donated in c.c., 4.) T for Time => months since first donation and 5.) Binary variable => 1 -> donated blood, 0-> didnt donate blood. The main idea behind this dataset is the concept of relationship management CRM. Based on three metrics: Recency, Frequency and Monetary (RFM) which are 3 out of the 5 attributes of the dataset, we would be able to predict whether a customer is likely to donate blood again based to a marketing campaign. For example, customers who have donated or visited more currently (Recency), more frequently (Frequency) or made higher monetary values (Monetary) are more likely to respond to a marketing effort. Customers with less RFM score are less likely to react. It is also known in customer behavior, that the time of the first positive interaction (donation, purchase) is not significant. However, the Recency of the last donation is very important. In the traditional RFM implementation each customer is ranked based on his RFM value parameters against all the other customers and that develops a score for every customer. Customers with bigger scores are more likely to react in a positive way for example (visit again or donate). The model constructs the formula which could predict the following problem. Keep in repository only customers that are more likely to continue donating in the future and remove those who are less likely to donate, given a certain period of time. The previous statement also determines the problem which will be trained and tested in this project. Firstly, I created a .csv file and generated 748 unique random numbers in Excel in the domain [1,748] in the first column, which corresponds to the customers or users ID. Then I transferred the whole data from the .txt file (transfusion.data) to the .csv file in excel by using the delimited (,) option. Then I randomly split it in a train file and a test file. The train file contains the 530 instances and the test file has the 218 instances. Afterwards, I read both the training dataset and the test dataset. From the previous results, we can see that we have no missing or invalid values. Data ranges and units seem reasonable. Figure 1 above depicts boxplots of all the attributes and for both train and test datasets. By examining the figure, we notice that both datasets have similar distributions and there are some outliers (Monetary > 2,500) that are visible. The volume of blood variable has a high correlation with frequency. Because the volume of blood that is donated each time is fixed, the Monetary value is proportional to the Frequency (number of donations) each person gave. For example, if the amount of blood drawn in each person was 250 ml/bag (Taiwan Blood Services Foundation 2007) March then Monetary = 250*Frequency. This is also why in the predictive model we will not consider the Monetary attribute in the implementation. So, it is reasonable to expect that customers with higher frequency will have a lot higher Monetary value. This can be verified also visually by examining the Monetary outliers for the train set. We retrieve back 83 instances. In order, to understand better the statistical dispersion of the whole dataset (748 instances) we will look at the standard deviation (SD) between the Recency and the variable whether customer has donated blood (Binary variable) and the SD between the Frequency and the Binary variable.The distribution of scores around the mean is small, which means the data is concentrated. This can also be noticed from the plots. From this correlation matrix, we can verify what was stated above, that the frequency and the monetary values are proportional inputs, which can be noticed from their high correlation. Another observation is that the various Recency numbers are not factors of 3. This goes to opposition with what the description said about the data being collected every 3 months. Additionally, there is always a maximum number of times you can donate blood per certain period (e.g. 1 time per month), but the data shows that. 36 customers donated blood more than once and 6 customers had donated 3 or more times in the same month. The features that will be used to calculate the prediction of whether a customer is likely to donate again are 2, the Recency and the Frequency (RF). The Monetary feature will be dropped. The number of categories for R and F attributes will be 3. The highest RF score will be 33 equivalent to 6 when added together and the lowest will be 11 equivalent to 2 when added together. The threshold for the added score to determine whether a customer is more likely to donate blood again or not, will be set to 4 which is the median value. The users will be assigned to categories by sorting on RF attributes as well as their scores. The file with the donators will be sorted on Recency first (in ascending order) because we want to see which customers have donated blood more recently. Then it will be sorted on frequency (in descending order this time because we want to see which customers have donated more times) in each Recency category. Apart from sorting, we will need to apply some business rules that have occurred after multiple tests: For Recency (Business rule 1): If the Recency in months is less than 15 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 3. If the Recency in months is equal or greater than 15 months and less than 26 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 2. Otherwise, if the Recency in months is equal or greater than 26 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 1 And for Frequency (Business rule 2): If the Frequency is equal or greater than 25 times, then these customers will be assigned to category 3. If the Frequency is less than 25 times or greater than 15 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 2. If the Frequency is equal or less than 15 times, then these customers will be assigned to category 1 RESULTS The output of the program are two smaller files that have resulted from the train file and the other one from the test file, that have excluded several customers that should not be considered future targets and kept those that are likely to respond. Some statistics about the precision, recall and the balanced F-score of the train and test file have been calculated and printed. Furthermore, we compute the absolute difference between the results retrieved from the train and test file to get the offset error between these statistics. By doing this and verifying that the error numbers are negligible, we validate the consistency of the model implemented. Moreover, we depict two confusion matrices one for the test and one for the training by calculating the true positives, false negatives, false positives and true negatives. In our case, true positives correspond to the customers (who donated on March 2007) and were classified as future possible donators. False negatives correspond to the customers (who donated on March 2007) but were not classified as future possible targets for marketing campaigns. False positives correlate to customers (who did not donate on March 2007) and were incorrectly classified as possible future targets. Lastly, true negatives which are customers (who did not donate on March 2007) and were correctly classified as not plausible future donators and therefore removed from the data file. By classification we mean the application of the threshold (4) to separate those customers who are more likely and less likely to donate again in a certain future period. Lastly, we calculate 2 more single value metrics for both train and test files the Kappa Statistic (general statistic used for classification systems) and Matthews Correlation Coefficient or cost/reward measure. Both are normalized statistics for classification systems, its values never exceed 1, so the same statistic can be used even as the number of observations grows. The error for both measures are MCC error: 0.002577   and Kappa error:   0.002808, which is very small (negligible), similarly with all the previous measures. REFERENCES UCI Machine Learning Repository (2008) UCI machine learning repository: Blood transfusion service center data set. Available at: http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Blood+Transfusion+Service+Center (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Fundation, T.B.S. (2015) Operation department. Available at: http://www.blood.org.tw/Internet/english/docDetail.aspx?uid=7741pid=7681docid=37144 (Accessed: 31 January 2017). The Appendix with the code starts below. However the whole code has been uploaded on my Git Hub profile and this is the link where it can be accessed. https://github.com/it21208/RassignmentDataAnalysis/blob/master/RassignmentDataAnalysis.R library(ggplot2) library(car)   # read training and testing datasets traindata à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   read.csv(C:/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/2nd Semester/Data analysis/Assignment/transfusion.csv) testdata à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   read.csv(C:/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/2nd Semester/Data analysis/Assignment/test.csv) # assigning the datasets to dataframes dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(traindata) dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(testdata) sapply(dftrain, typeof) # give better names to columns names(dftrain)[1] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ ID names(dftrain)[2] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ recency names(dftrain)[3]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸frequency names(dftrain)[4]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸cc names(dftrain)[5]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸time names(dftrain)[6]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸donated # names(dftest)[1]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ID names(dftest)[2]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸recency names(dftest)[3]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸frequency names(dftest)[4]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸cc names(dftest)[5]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸time names(dftest)[6]à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸donated # drop time column from both files dftrain$time à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ NULL dftest$time à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ NULL #   sort (train) dataframe on Recency in ascending order sorted_dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ dftrain[ order( dftrain[,2] ), ] #   add column in (train) dataframe -   hold score (rank) of Recency for each customer sorted_dftrain[ , Rrank] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 #   convert train file from dataframe format to matrix matrix_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain, as.numeric)) #   sort (test) dataframe on Recency in ascending order sorted_dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ dftest[ order( dftest[,2] ), ] #   add column in (test) dataframe -hold score (rank) of Recency for each customer sorted_dftest[ , Rrank] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 #   convert train file from dataframe format to matrix matrix_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest, as.numeric)) # categorize matrix_train and add scores for Recency apply business rule for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_train)) { if (matrix_train [i,2]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_train [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 3 } else if ((matrix_train [i,2] = 15)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_train [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2 } else {   matrix_train [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 1   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } # categorize matrix_test and add scores for Recency apply business rule for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_test)) { if (matrix_test [i,2]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_test [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 3 } else if ((matrix_test [i,2] = 15)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_test [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2 } else {   matrix_test [i,6] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 1 }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } # convert matrix_train back to dataframe sorted_dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_train) # sort dataframe 1rst by Recency Rank (desc.) then by Frequency (desc.) sorted_dftrain_2à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftrain[order(-sorted_dftrain[,6], -sorted_dftrain[,3] ), ] # add column in train dataframe- hold Frequency score (rank) for each customer sorted_dftrain_2[ , Frank] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 # convert dataframe to matrix matrix_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) # convert matrix_test back to dataframe sorted_dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_test) # sort dataframe 1rst by Recency Rank (desc.) then by Frequency (desc.) sorted_dftest2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftest[ order( -sorted_dftest[,6], -sorted_dftest[,3] ), ] # add column in test dataframe- hold Frequency score (rank) for each customer sorted_dftest2[ , Frank] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 # convert dataframe to matrix matrix_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric)) #categorize matrix_train, add scores for Frequency for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_train)){    if (matrix_train[i,3] >= 25) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_train[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 3    } else if ((matrix_train[i,3] > 15) (matrix_train[i,3]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_train[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2    } else {   matrix_train[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 1   }   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } #categorize matrix_test, add scores for Frequency for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_test)){    if (matrix_test[i,3] >= 25) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_test[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 3    } else if ((matrix_test[i,3] > 15) (matrix_test[i,3]   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_test[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2    } else {  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   matrix_test[i,7] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 1   } } #   convert matrix test back to dataframe sorted_dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_train) # sort (train) dataframe 1rst on Recency rank (desc.) 2nd Frequency rank (desc.) sorted_dftrain_2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftrain[ order( -sorted_dftrain[,6], -sorted_dftrain[,7] ), ] # add another column for the Sum of Recency rank and Frequency rank sorted_dftrain_2[ , SumRankRAndF] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 # convert dataframe to matrix matrix_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) #   convert matrix test back to dataframe sorted_dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_test) # sort (train) dataframe 1rst on Recency rank (desc.) 2nd Frequency rank (desc.) sorted_dftest2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftest[ order( -sorted_dftest[,6],   -sorted_dftest[,7] ), ] # add another column for the Sum of Recency rank and Frequency rank sorted_dftest2[ , SumRankRAndF] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 # convert dataframe to matrix matrix_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric)) # sum Recency rank and Frequency rank for train file for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_train)) { matrix_train[i,8] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ matrix_train[i,6] + matrix_train[i,7] } # sum Recency rank and Frequency rank for test file for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_test)) { matrix_test[i,8] à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ matrix_test[i,6] + matrix_test[i,7] } # convert matrix_train back to dataframe sorted_dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_train) # sort train dataframe according to total rank in descending order sorted_dftrain_2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftrain[ order( -sorted_dftrain[,8] ), ] # convert sorted train dataframe matrix_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) # convert matrix_test back to dataframe sorted_dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_test) # sort test dataframe according to total rank in descending order sorted_dftest2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ sorted_dftest[ order( -sorted_dftest[,8] ), ] # convert sorted test dataframe to matrix matrix_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric)) # apply business rule check count customers whose score >= 4 and that Have Donated, train file # check count for all customers that have donated in the train dataset count_train_predicted_donations à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 counter_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 number_donation_instances_whole_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 false_positives_train_counter à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_train)) {    if ((matrix_train[i,8] >= 4) (matrix_train[i,5] == 1)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   count_train_predicted_donations = count_train_predicted_donations + 1   } if ((matrix_train[i,8] >= 4) (matrix_train[i,5] == 0)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   false_positives_train_counter = false_positives_train_counter + 1}    if (matrix_train[i,8] >= 4) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   counter_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ counter_train + 1   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }    if (matrix_train[i,5] == 1) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   number_donation_instances_whole_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ number_donation_instances_whole_train + 1    } } # apply business rule check count customers whose score >= 4 and that Have Donated, test file # check count for all customers that have donated in the test dataset count_test_predicted_donations à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 counter_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 number_donation_instances_whole_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 false_positives_test_counter à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 0 for(i in 1:nrow(matrix_test)) {    if ((matrix_test[i,8] >= 4) (matrix_test[i,5] == 1)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   count_test_predicted_donations = count_test_predicted_donations + 1   } if ((matrix_test[i,8] >= 4) (matrix_test[i,5] == 0)) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   false_positives_test_counter = false_positives_test_counter + 1}    if (matrix_test[i,8] >= 4) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   counter_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ counter_test + 1   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   }    if (matrix_test[i,5] == 1) {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   number_donation_instances_whole_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ number_donation_instances_whole_test + 1   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   } } # convert matrix_train to dataframe dftrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_train) # remove the group of customers who are less likely to donate again in the future from train file dftrain_final à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ dftrain[c(1:counter_train),1:8] # convert matrix_train to dataframe dftest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(matrix_test) # remove the group of customers who are less likely to donate again in the future from test file dftest_final à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ dftest[c(1:counter_test),1:8] # save final train dataframe as a CSV in the specified directory reduced target future customers write.csv(dftrain_final, file = C:\Users\Alexandros\Dropbox\MSc\2nd Semester\Data analysis\Assignment\train_output.csv, row.names = FALSE) #save final test dataframe as a CSV in the specified directory reduced target future customers write.csv(dftest_final, file = C:\Users\Alexandros\Dropbox\MSc\2nd Semester\Data analysis\Assignment\test_output.csv, row.names = FALSE) #train precision=number of relevant instances retrieved / number of retrieved instances collect.530 precision_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   count_train_predicted_donations / counter_train # train recall = number of relevant instances retrieved / number of relevant instances in collect.530 recall_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ count_train_predicted_donations / number_donation_instances_whole_train # measure combines PrecisionRecall is harmonic mean of PrecisionRecall balanced F-score for # train file f_balanced_score_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2*(precision_train*recall_train)/(precision_train+recall_train) # test precision precision_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ count_test_predicted_donations / counter_test # test recall recall_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ count_test_predicted_donations / number_donation_instances_whole_test # the balanced F-score for test file f_balanced_score_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ 2*(precision_test*recall_test)/(precision_test+recall_test) # error in precision error_precision à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ abs(precision_train-precision_test) # error in recall error_recall à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ abs(recall_train-recall_test) # error in f-balanced scores error_f_balanced_scores à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ abs(f_balanced_score_train-f_balanced_score_test) # Print Statistics for verification and validation cat(Precision with training dataset: , precision_train) cat(Recall with training dataset: , recall_train) cat(Precision with testing dataset: , precision_test) cat(Recall with testing dataset: , recall_test) cat(The F-balanced scores with training dataset: , f_balanced_score_train) cat(The F-balanced scores with testing dataset:   , f_balanced_score_test) cat(Error in precision: , error_precision) cat(Error in recall: , error_recall) cat(Error in F-balanced scores: , error_f_balanced_scores) # confusion matrix (true positives, false positives, false negatives, true negatives) # calculate true positives for train which is the variable count_train_predicted_donations # calculate false positives for train which is the variable false_positives_train_counter # calculate false negatives for train false_negatives_for_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ number_donation_instances_whole_train count_train_predicted_donations # calculate true negatives for train true_negatives_for_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ (nrow(matrix_train) number_donation_instances_whole_train) false_positives_train_counter collect_trainà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸c(false_positives_train_counter, true_negatives_for_train, count_train_predicted_donations, false_negatives_for_train) # calculate true positives for test which is the variable count_test_predicted_donations # calculate false positives for test which is the variable false_positives_test_counter # calculate false negatives for test false_negatives_for_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ number_donation_instances_whole_test count_test_predicted_donations # calculate true negatives for test true_negatives_for_testà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸(nrow(matrix_test)-number_donation_instances_whole_test)- false_positives_test_counter collect_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ c(false_positives_test_counter, true_negatives_for_test, count_test_predicted_donations, false_negatives_for_test) TrueCondition à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ factor(c(0, 0, 1, 1)) PredictedCondition à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ factor(c(1, 0, 1, 0)) # print confusion matrix for train df_conf_mat_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(TrueCondition,PredictedCondition,collect_train) ggplot(data = df_conf_mat_train, mapping = aes(x = PredictedCondition, y = TrueCondition)) +    geom_tile(aes(fill = collect_train), colour = white) +    geom_text(aes(label = sprintf(%1.0f, collect_train)), vjust = 1) +    scale_fill_gradient(low = blue, high = red) +    theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = none) #   print confusion matrix for test df_conf_mat_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ data.frame(TrueCondition,PredictedCondition,collect_test) ggplot(data =   df_conf_mat_test, mapping = aes(x = PredictedCondition, y = TrueCondition)) +    geom_tile(aes(fill = collect_test), colour = white) +    geom_text(aes(label = sprintf(%1.0f, collect_test)), vjust = 1) +    scale_fill_gradient(low = blue, high = red) +    theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = none) # MCC = (TP * TN FP * FN)/sqrt((TP+FP) (TP+FN) (FP+TN) (TN+FN)) for train values mcc_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ ((count_train_predicted_donations * true_negatives_for_train) (false_positives_train_counter * false_negatives_for_train))/sqrt((count_train_predicted_donations+false_positives_train_counter)*(count_train_predicted_donations+false_negatives_for_train)*(false_positives_train_counter+true_negatives_for_train)*(true_negatives_for_train+false_negatives_for_train)) # print MCC for train cat(Matthews Correlation Coefficient for train: ,mcc_train) # MCC = (TP * TN FP * FN)/sqrt((TP+FP) (TP+FN) (FP+TN) (TN+FN)) for test values mcc_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ ((count_test_predicted_donations * true_negatives_for_test) (false_positives_test_counter * false_negatives_for_test))/sqrt((count_test_predicted_donations+false_positives_test_counter)*(count_test_predicted_donations+false_negatives_for_test)*(false_positives_test_counter+true_negatives_for_test)*(true_negatives_for_test+false_negatives_for_test)) # print MCC for test cat(Matthews Correlation Coefficient for test: ,mcc_test) # print MCC err between train and err cat(Matthews Correlation Coefficient error: ,abs(mcc_train-mcc_test)) # Total = TP + TN + FP + FN for train total_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ count_train_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_train + false_positives_train_counter + false_negatives_for_train # Total = TP + TN + FP + FN for test   total_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ count_test_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_test + false_positives_test_counter + false_negatives_for_test # totalAccuracy = (TP + TN) / Total for train values totalAccuracyTrain à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ (count_train_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_train)/ total_train # totalAccuracy = (TP + TN) / Total for test values totalAccuracyTest à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ (count_test_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_test)/ total_test # randomAccuracy = ((TN+FP)*(TN+FN)+(FN+TP)*(FP+TP)) / (Total*Total)   for train values randomAccuracyTrainà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸((true_negatives_for_train+false_positives_train_counter)*(true_negatives_for_train+false_negatives_for_train)+(false_negatives_for_train+count_train_predicted_donations)*(false_positives_train_counter+count_train_predicted_donations))/(total_train*total_train) # randomAccuracy = ((TN+FP)*(TN+FN)+(FN+TP)*(FP+TP)) / (Total*Total)   for test values randomAccuracyTestà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸((true_negatives_for_test+false_positives_test_counter)*(true_negatives_for_test+false_negatives_for_test)+(false_negatives_for_test+count_test_predicted_donations)*(false_positives_test_counter+count_test_predicted_donations))/(total_test*total_test) # kappa = (totalAccuracy randomAccuracy) / (1 randomAccuracy) for train kappa_train à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ (totalAccuracyTrain-randomAccuracyTrain)/(1-randomAccuracyTrain) # kappa = (totalAccuracy randomAccuracy) / (1 randomAccuracy) for test kappa_test à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸ (totalAccuracyTest-randomAccuracyTest)/(1-randomAccuracyTest) # print kappa error cat(Kappa error: ,abs(kappa_train-kappa_test))